Baudrillard's 'simulacra': Weezer's Buddy Holly eg

KEY TERMS: postmodern(ism)           meta-narrative        Baudrillard: simulacra      deconstructionism        intertextuality       Barthes: action codes        auteur theory         camp         queer/ed/ing       Mulvey: male gaze       feminist v post-feminist       countertype       stereotype      normative       hetero-normative       Hebdige: subculture          Bourdieu: cultural capital         Thornley: subcultural capital      McQuail: uses and gratifications

EG's REFERENCED:Weezer Buddy Holly
Depeche Mode It's No Good
Outkast Hey La
Beastie Boys Sabotage
Miley Cyrus Wrecking Ball
Nirvana In Bloom
Charli XCX + Troye Sivan 1999
(+ auteur directors Michel Gondry + Spike Jonze)

Here we have a 2018 video heavily intertextualised with 90s/noughties references. The full preferred reading is unlikely to be accessible to XCX's primary audience 

And here we have 1 of the key influences on Rose McGowan's outfits - so, a signifier of a signifier of a signifer ... Baudrillard's simulacra

HOW THIS XCX VID ILLUSTRATES AUDIENCE TECHNIQUES

The original MTV awards pic from 1998.

Bourdieu's CULTURAL CAPITAL: We could argue that the XCX are knowingly suggesting those who can recognise or figure out the refs have higher cultural capital, though as pop culture references that only holds true within social groupings that value popular culture (Bourdieu analyses how the cultural preferences of economic elites is deemed high culture and more worthy, linking culture and social class)
Thornley - Hebdige's SUB-CULTURE: Thornley adopted Bourdieu to refer specifically to subcultural (Hebdige's term for distinctive social groups, especially youth) capital. Amongst young teen pop fans (not to mention the band's fanbase more specifically) recognition of this set of intertextualities would be seen as impressive (so: offering increased cultural capital)
McQuail's USES + GRATIFICATIONS: Discussing this also offers education, entertainment and personal interaction.
Reynolds' RETROMANIA: It further taps into what Simon Reynolds dubs Retromania in his book of the same name: our web 2.0, converged age offers up easy, cheap access to past popular culture that once required dedication and considerable expense (record collecting).
Altman's SET OF PLEASURES: The video offers an 'intellectual puzzle', one of 3 categories of audience pleasure Altman identifies as common strategies.

OVERVIEW:

A short post, just reflecting a discussion today on the postmodern philosopher Baudrillard's contentious (but ingenious?) concept of the simulacra, which argues that as we now exist in an endless sea of signifiers, or chains of signifiers with no concrete starting/reference point, we cannot claim to know of any actual 'reality'. So, Disneyland is the real America; the Gulf War, supposedly fought on our TV screens in 1991, never really happened, to take two of his most infamous proclamations.

Its a concept which often and readily applies itself to music video, with many videos influenced by other videos which may have been influenced by other media (especially TV/film) in turn. Weezer's Buddy Holly, directed by Michel Gondry, is an exemplar - it is a representation of a 90s band as part of a 70's TV show about 50's America, which heavily influenced perceptions of that decade (so, the long chain of signification in which any perceivable reality has been utterly lost, and is rendered unknowable)

Below the video I've uploaded a photo of p. 175 from the excellent Money For Nothing, Austerlitz's history of the music video; he describes the video, for example, as 'a pastiche of a pastiche'. We would later see Nirvana and other acts (see Outkast's Hey Ya at the end of the post) copy this idea of inserting the act into an old TV show (and the Beastie Boys, of course, created their own affectionate pastiche of the 70/80s cop show with Sabotage).

<sup>ANALYSIS:
Music video is both widely influential on other media and borrows heavily from other media in a 2-way dynamic flow.

In anything from Top Gear's car reviews through Guinness ads and Michael Bay films we can see the short takes, selective slo-mo, shot variety etc that are basic conventions of music video.

Likewise, we can see many of what Barthes termed action codes are common in music video, such as whip pans (especially common in performance footage).

The Weezer video illustrates the auteur theory: this is as much known as a Spike Jonze (the director) video as a Weezer video! Jonze's distinctive style is on display here.

Its a great example of the postmodernism that is also a basic, common feature of music video. That 'wide borrowing' from other media is intertextuality - and this example takes this to such extremes that it also neatly encapsulates Baudrillard's simulacrum theory.

The degree of irony, the camp representation, is also a common aspect of music video. The band are portraying themselves ironically as stiff, goofy - look at Depeche Mode's It's No Good for another great example of this postmodernist quality: deconstructionism. (Using conventions or cliches in a knowing, self-aware way to effectively critique them - they employ blatant male gaze with POV shots which cut to cleavage close-ups for example - just as Wes Craven did with Scream, whose characters discuss the conventions of horror films ... "I'll be right back...")

The postmodernist attack on meta-narratives (ideologies or systems that represent unifying ideas of how things do or should work) can also be seen with the rise of post-feminist critiques of feminist thinking. We can see a classic example of what Laura Mulvey termed the male gaze in GnR's W2TJ; Mulvey would be just as righteously angry at Miley Cyrus' Wrecking Ball video. Sinead O'Connor publicly warned Cyrus about male record bosses' exploitation. Cyrus' response was a post-feminist position: I have chosen to express my sexuality this way, I have agency (control), not the male director, manager or record label boss.

her queering of gender identity furthers this point, and is seen as a useful feature for attracting a 'woke' millennial (youth) audience, less accepting of normative representations than older generations.</sup>

Austerlitz on the Weezer vid

FROM THE WIKI:

Postmodernist French social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. Where Plato saw two steps of reproduction—faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum)—Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality; (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which "bears no relation to any reality whatsoever".^[7] In Baudrillard's concept, like Nietzsche's, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which an accepted ideal or "privileged position" could be "challenged and overturned".^[8] Deleuze defines simulacra as "those systems in which different relates to different by means of difference itself. What is essential is that we find in these systems no prior identity, no internal resemblance".^[9]

<sup>See the ProdEval blog for more on this and other media theories.


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HISTORY PRE-MTV VIDS

A post I'll add to over time if I remember. I have scattered a few archetypal vids across the blog, not sure if I used any tag though.

Read Austerlitz' superb history of music video for a fuller sense of how the form was established long before the 80s MTV boom that made it a routine part of promo and marketing efforts - or just watch the movie A Hard Day's Night to see The Beatles establishing the core of the media language still used over half a century later!

https://www.loudersound.com/news/watch-rare-pink-floyd-video-for-apples-and-oranges

Books on music video

Be aware that there is an extensive links list (pictured below) for books on music video. See more on books for all elements of A2 Media here.

Especially useful:

Keith Negus' Popular Music in Theory: incredibly useful for both coursework and exam, this gives you a summary of media theories applied to music. Great for the Evaluation, but also blogging about audience; brilliant for both Q1 and Q1b of the exam. It is quite old, but still useful.

Not particularly academic but very useful for the history of music vids, + refs/analysis to/of many vids and directors you won't have heard of (but which could give you ideas), is Austerlitz' Money For Nothing: A History of the Music Video From The Beatles to The White Stripes. You can of course try a general music video (book) search, and you'll come up the likes of this. Austerlitz provides a history of the music video and how it developed over time, and mentions (details) lots of examples you won't have come across - but which might help for ideas. Such examples may also end up being used in your exam too.

PIRACY, AUDIENCE How Music Got Free by Stephen Witt

There are a lot of highly enjoyable reads on music and the music industry. Austerlitz's history of the music video is a must-read; Simon Reynolds' Retromania puts together a strong argument on the changing nature of the audience for music, and Ralph Negus has done a fantastic overview of academic theory around music and audiences.

Whichever artist you're working on, you will be able to find books on them, their influences, their genre which help throw up ideas. As a result of so frequently name-checking Madonna when discussing Lady Gaga through the 2015 A2 Bad Romance production, I tracked down the hefty bio on her, a great read, and reinforcing the view that the likes of Gaga 'borrow' hugely from the Madonna playbook.

Witt's book, just out, I haven't read yet, but covers the span of two decades in which a bloated music industry exploited digital technology to charge fans to re-purchase music many already owned on vinyl or cassette. This hubris would come back to bite them as digital piracy took off, an early indicator that the traditional passive producer-audience relationship was unstable and set for disruption under what would become web 2.0...

Article/infographic link below the line

POSTMODERN, SIMULACRA Weird Al Yankovich parody v pastiche

[UPDATE FEB 2017 -scroll down for Weird Al discussion] This is a topic I've frequently touched upon, so you should also look at this post on Weezer...
 
As its such a useful example, I've referenced it in further posts on this topic (and others): use the tag!







The excellent, very readable, history of the music video by Austerlitz discusses this video - it really is worth having a flick through the index ... or just reading the book from scratch! [tag; specific post on the book]

Then there's a Robert Palmer example of intertextuality, a tag applied even more frequently than (queer theorist; gender as performativity) Judith Butler I see...

Is THIS depiction of Elvis (the magnificent Tortelvis!) any less 'real' than the videos/film clips that define him in the popular imagination - an image Elvis and his manager fought to control, but for many people boils down to a fat guy in a comedy white jumpsuit? Is the Weird Al version of 'Wacko Jacko' (below) any less real than the MJ we think we know from media coverage? The creators of the Weezer video did so having been bombarded with signifiers of the decade, such as the sitcom they parodied ... their representation (or simulacrum) is itself now a powerful signifier that will influence many more impressions of 'the 50s'.

If I asked you now to think about 'the 60s', chances are you'd think of hippies, flower power, the Stones ... many of the iconic 60s festivals were actually in the 70s, ditto many of the Stones classics thought of as 60s, while the metropolitan (major city) drug phenomenon took until the 1970s to spread further into towns and cities across Western countries, beyond London, San Fransisco etc. The 60s ended around 1974?! Maybe 1973?!
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A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists.^[1] Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates.^[2] [Wiki]

ARTIST CASE STUDY: THE PIXIES archetypal Indie

Accompanying the lyric 'half asleep with a loaded gun' (Silver Snail) - there are few more inventive, inspiring, and downright stunning videos out there than The Pixies' collection, especially their videos since 2013

there is an embedded YouTube playlist of ALL videos covered at the bottom of this post

Glamourpusses!

IN THIS POST: I embed and briefly discuss the music videos of The Pixies, an archetypal Indie or alternative rock band that date back to the late 80s and are still going strong, with a strikingly different set of videos since 2013. Their antagonism towards playing the promotional game, ironically, made them a key influence on a generation of video-makers. They initially refused to produce any videos then produced some challenging videos that consciously broke many of the most basic conventions of the format. No research into the conventions of music video as a format would be complete without some reference to this lot. The cinematography and use of colour (even the brilliant use of the generally cliched slo-mo tool) in their recent videos is simply STUNNING.

WHO ARE THEY?
The Pixies are a seminal alternative rock (Indie) band who remain a key influence today, both for their music and their highly distinctive music videos. In the UK they're signed to 4AD, part of the Beggars consortium (Indie labels often join forces in co-ops to cut marketing costs and to get better distribution deals, economies of scale etc) - see wiki and this Guardian article on its iconic status. Their music fused Latin influences with rock; a bossa nova, 50s rock sound with a hard edge and dark, literary lyrical themes.

DESCRIBE THEIR BRAND
Key to understanding the Pixies is their sense of coming from humble working class backgrounds in Boston; they did not need to see themselves as a glamorous band and this is reflected in their videos. In a word, authenticity is the hallmark of their branding - this is not a band who would indulge in the fakery most bands will accept in order to maximixe their media exposure and record sales. Their everyday clothing, in contrast to the extravagance of bands like KISS and Bon Jovi that dominated much of the 80s, would bring back a vaguely punk aesthetic to the rock world, with the likes of Kurt Cobain reflecting the Pixies' look. They were edgy too - some of their lyrical themes are very dark indeed, though often based in classic literature, and were prepared to play with basic song structure too.

THE WILL TO BE WEIRD: THE ULTRA SLO-MO SINGLE-TAKE VELOURIA

Yes, a shocker in some regards, but an uber risque effort, and commercial suicide in others. Or, simply: inspirational! Why don't you take on such an idea as an extra (not a main) production? There are several mainstream examples of such alternative, additional videos alongside the main production.

Their videos stand almost as anti-videos, an apparent refusal to play the promotional game:

As "Velouria" (their first single from Bossanova) was climbing up the UK Top 40, the band was offered a spot on Top of the Pops. However, a BBC rule stated only singles with videos could be performed on the show. To counter this a cheap video was made, with the band being filmed running down a quarry.^[105]In the video, twenty-three seconds of footage (the time needed for the band members to reach the camera) is slowed in order to last for the duration of the song.^[106] However, the effort in filming the video was in vain; the Pixies did not play "Velouria" on Top of The Pops while the single was in the charts.^[107] [Wiki]

Resources for researching music video in web 2.0 era

A NOTE ON AVAILABLE RESOURCES FOR RESEARCHING...
In the web 2.0 (3.0 now?) era, you have extraordinary resources at hand to aid you not just in your research into conventions, but also your search for ideas and inspirations!!!!